Gaming Trends of the 80s Happening Again
In the 80s, the videogame marketplace was very much different to that of today. While perhaps stating the obvious, it is important to keep heed considering this commodity volition analyze an era which nosotros could ascertain, generally, as "pre-globalization".
Indeed, forty years ago, well before the digital revolution and on-line markets, each nation had a different and unique arroyo to the industry: this included the number of "gaming" systems available. This is especially true for Europe, a market that followed quite a different gear up of rules than the US. In club to attempt and figure out how the European market worked, along with how it shaped the industry and the public for the post-obit decades, at that place is one thing to proceed in mind: there is no unmarried narrative. There are obvious trends running underneath many of the countries I will bear on upon, just – worth repeating – in that location is no unmarried revealing fact or outcome that might make it easier for someone to understand the way European consumers behaved during that decade nor what exactly happened that might have changed things overnight.
Permit usa as well go along in mind that computers and consoles used to stand for two unlike – almost completely and so – marketplace segments, with very minimal overlap. While it was indeed possible for a child or young teen to possess both, they would nevertheless have quite dissimilar gaming experiences on the 2 platforms. Except for the obvious that computers would teach ane how to program, mostly console games were aimed at a younger crowd and offered less multifariousness: mostly arcade, platformers and sport games. At that place were no adventure games on consoles, except for a few late ports. There were RPGs, sure, but while many of them would not reach a Western audience, many times they were too plagued past simple text and mediocre translation that would make them quite the inferior counterpart to series like Ultima or Wizardry.
But again, since there is no "obvious truth" here nor a single overall narrative, I take decided to call this article a "give-and-take". With bodily sources and information are definitely few and far between, any writer trying to sell a "ane truth" theory is probably on the wrong path. Also, for the sake of the commodity I volition be focusing more often than not on Western Europe, but I am pretty certain at least some of these observations can exist practical to other Eastern countries every bit well.
The big videogame crash as an American-merely event
Starting in 1983, and well until 1985, the gaming market in the United states of america crashed and burned to a grinding halt. This is an effect that has been discussed in great particular by many authors and researchers. The crash happened because of several reasons, amongst these: the huge number of very similar consoles bachelor and the market being flooded with games without quality control. The Commodore 64 would also play a part, since, in order to try and make upwards for the not outstanding sales of its previous systems, Commodore offered the 64 to consumers with a 100$ rebate. Many retailers ended upwards making the situation worse past offering ways to actually gain coin on the offer, most often past aggressively cutting prices of onetime computers. Consumers could, then, purchase old computers or cheaps consoles at depression prices and and so immediately bring them in, gaining quite a chip on the money difference.
The crash was not merely an issue that brought several companies to their knees, consumers were also affected: people just did not trust the gaming companies anymore. They ended up being the victims of a system of companies unable to control third political party developers and, consequently, failed in providing consumers with quality titles that were worth their fourth dimension and money. In the terminate, panel games in the Us could take seriously proven to be piddling more than than a passing trend.
This catastrophic outcome for the American industry had very little effect on the residuum of the globe.
Despite describing the big videogame crash as a strictly American event, it is still important to consider that the Us market place was still the most important one. Logically, every bit much as it might be convenient to discount it, the issue all the same ended up influencing companies' decisions in the old continent equally well. Merely its other consequence, namely the manner it shaped consumers' tastes for the residuum of the decade, did non in any manner touch Europe. Every bit a very piece of cake to understand example: the well-known determination past Nintendo of America to alter the original Famicom design, in guild for the NES to improve appeal to the skeptical mail-crash audience, is a completely useless cistron while talking about the success (or lack thereof) of the 8 bit motorcar in Europe.
Let u.s. first accept a wait at the generic homecomputer market place in Europe in the 80s.
The slap-up success of dwelling computers in Europe
If there is ane unmarried generally known fact, which could exist applied to the whole decade and a skilful part of the 90s, it would probably be: dwelling house computers were much more than successful than console as a gaming platform in almost European countries. While this is not a generic fact that can be stated without a sliver of inquiry, this is surely truthful for many of the biggest gaming markets the likes of Deutschland, French republic and the United Kingdom, along with smaller ones like Spain and Italy. Information technology is besides true for many Eastern European countries, since about of them would not fifty-fifty see a console earlier the early 90s.
Looking at the gaming companies which led the American marketplace in the 80s and 90s, Nintendo and Sega were in no rush to do the same on to the European market. This is an easily understandable determination, since the US was an easier market place to accost, both culturally and commercially. While Europe had a potentially similar audition, at that place was no manner a Japanese visitor could observe a single unique effective style to appeal to a continent as diverse equally Europe while also taking into consideration different countries' tastes.
Home computers were easier to sell in Europe (also) because they were more familiar to the audience. Let us not forget that the United Kingdom had quite the strong computer industry, via the BBC, Amstrad and, naturally, Sir Clive Sinclair and his line of by and large cheap computers. Not to mention, government backing specific programs in order to teach people how computers worked and how to program successfully. These Britain products were exported with variying degrees of success all over Europe. About successfult of all was the ZX Spectrum, which managed to gain quite a following in many countries.
Going back to countries close to or backside the "iron drape", many home computers were too mainly responsible for kickstarting the industry in countries like Czechoslovakia and Slovenia (which at the time was part of the federal republic of Yugoslavia) where consoles were basically incommunicable to notice. As an example, 1 of the very first games that is known to accept been developed in Slovenia was a ZX Spectrum textual take a chance, Kontrabant (by Žiga Turk and Matevž Kmet), where the thespian smuggled pieces of the Sinclair estimator in lodge to then, build a ZX auto in their own homes. An experience all too familiar to many kids.
This success and influence of the ZX Spectrum – a cheap home computer that was definitely appealing for many European consumers hit hard past recession – did not happen in the The states, along with many of the other non-IBM computers that influenced developers in many European countries, were picayune more than blips on the market. In America, the Commodore 64 got off to a strong start and would outsell its competitors at to the lowest degree until 1986, but nevertheless did not seem to bring the same huge influence that would reign over many European countries in the same years. The Apple Two was also a strong competitor, mainly for the many companies jumping ship to support it, among those Sierra and Broderbund.
The Apple tree II did not accept the same success in Europe every bit in the United States, since past the time Apple tree tried to penetrate the market in the old continent, Commodore and Sinclair were already a strong presence, along with having close contacts with retail sellers, plus it was quite expensive which was also quite the problem for the IBM PC. While the Apple II was not a complete failure in the former continent, it is fair to say information technology surely never did register important sales, fifty-fifty compared to smaller successes like the Amstrad and Acorn computers.
We might ask ourselves: which computer was the most popular in Europe? That is a question impossible to answer with 100% certainty, for obvious reasons, the answer would vary from country to state. By and large, the Spectrum and Commodore scenes were clearly the most active, they would continue existing well across the machines' lifetimes. In Italia, in 1993, games were withal beingness developed for the Commodore 64, even though by that point Super Nintendo was already a year one-time. Equally mentioned, many developers got their start with games for the ii 8 chip machines, but this merely partially answers our question.
Surely, the Commodore 64 was quite a strong presence in Europe, especially in countries like Italy, Sweden and Spain equally well. In Sweden, the computer sold quite well in its first years, thank you to the presence of Commodore Scandinavia, apparently around 100/200k units, Amiga had much less success in comparison. Afterwards the closing of the Commodore branch in the region, the numbers beginning dwindling down and the Amiga probably only sold effectually 120k units.
In Spain, computers from Commodore arrived pretty early, in 1978, through the local company Microeletrónica y Control S.A. The PET was the first computer to achieve Espana, with an initial order of merely 50 computers, which the company managers stored in their parents' firm because they did not have room elsewhere. Thanks to the quick success of the PET, in that very aforementioned year the first lodge of homecomputer users in Spain was founded, the Club Information, By 1984, Microeletrónica could count something close to 900 shops in the land, and that same yr also distributed the Commodore 16. Iii years later, it was replaced past a local branch of Commodore S.A., directed by Santiago de Gracia.
In France, the Commodore 64 did not accept the same success because of poor distribution, instead in 1984 the Spectrum saw quite more units sold, along with adept numbers also for the Thomson T07 and M05 models. These were especially successful because of the Informatique Cascade Tous government campaign which, along with featuring antipiracy laws, gave funds to the fledgling gaming industry and installed 120k Thomson computers in every school in the country. The Amstrad CPC 464 was quite the success besides, also thanks to a memorable ad campaign featuring a blue crocodile as the visitor's mascotte. The whole scene of French developers from the 80s and, after, 90s were all influenced past home reckoner games, equally consoles did not really seem to take off until after 1990.
Something also worth nothing: while I have been using the term several times, it is worth remembering that, in many countries, the "video games marketplace" could hardly be defined as such. An electronic product, at the time, would sell mostly on the force and recognition of its brand, along with its attainable price, as European consumers did not actually have the same spending power as American ones. The quality of the games and the marketing were plainly two influencing factors but, overall, probably less important than make and price
Nintendo and Sega, for instance, could not be considered strong brands in Europe because people were not familiar with them, throughout the 80s they did – overall – pocket-sized numbers, even in countries where they managed to accept a recognizable degree of success. Clearly, Sega was a more familiar make to people for their arcade games and, as mentioned, some of their computers which managed to reach Europe, but overall, it was not a make familiar to well-nigh. In comparison, Commodore and Sinclair were definitely much stronger brands, along with local companies distributing computers. For example, the Amstrad in Germany and Austria was being distributed by Schneider, a division of the Schneider Rundfunkwerke from Türkheim.
Clearly the fact that Europe had quite an agile pirate/demoscene should not come up as a surprise, because what we've discussed then far. Piracy was non born because of habitation computers' success, but mainly together with them. Nosotros could define it as a sort of "mutually benign relationship". Europe was into dwelling computers too because gaming was cheaper on those systems, not simply because of piracy.
Having a Commodore 64 in the mid 80s, especially in quite the active gaming market like the one in the Uk, meant information technology was possible to admission a trove of games at attainable prices. While, perhaps, not all of them were even worth that tiny access cost (some were priced at 2 GPBs even), there yet was a lot of option. On the contrary side, gaming on consoles was incredibly expensive. Buying a single console was patently cheaper than a computer, simply each cart would finish up costing quite the hefty price and in that location were no cheaper alternatives.
So, clearly piracy was a phenomenon that has existed ever since the computer industry became open to a wide array of consumers. It was too facilitated when computers started using cassette tapes, a cheap and like shooting fish in a barrel way to duplicate media. This would obviously help sales for both the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 (and, before it, the PET) in several countries. Interestingly, pirate/hacker groups in the 80s would unremarkably call themselves with long evocative names like Retrieve, while the PC scene – which started in the late 80s – and the limitations of DOS meant that most groups had to apply three messages names only.
Software piracy was rampant in many parts of Europe, Scandinavian countries included. This was likewise because the legislation was much easier to circumvent than in the Usa, then much and so that unmarried nations like French republic, Portugal and Italian republic were forced to create a specific law to endeavour and cease rampant software piracy. Clone consoles were as well available in several countries, like Kingdom of spain or Italy, especially NES clones that allowed players to access a bigger library of games while non having to pay the quite expensive prices that first political party Nintendo games would usually sell for.
Consoles having a hard time
Taken at face value, the big crash having basically no effect in the old continent, might lead united states to conclude that Europe did not see the affluence of consoles (and clones) that the United states were bombarded with. The Intellivision, Atari and Colecovision were indeed sold generally all over mainland Europe, but their marketplace share was often petty more a blip on the radar. Among several reasons, information technology might exist interesting to note that all these consoles were beingness marketed mainly to an American audition, along with the games beingness pretty much tailored for that demographic. It was non possible to think a visitor could re-create and paste their software library successfully from overseas, without fifty-fifty thinking of adapting the content to the tastes of a specific European country. At to the lowest degree, not in the 80s.
And "adapting" might take been indeed a trouble for some companies, considering how consoles, back then, needed to be modified over in social club to work on the PAL (50HZ) video organisation. Along with technical limitations, some magazines at the time considered the different kind of relationship that European families have with their TVs, equally opposed to Americans. For many, that it might be a struggle to both play and sentinel idiot box on a single set. Lisa Hondel and Bill Kukel wrote in EG "Television set viewing hours begin at 5 PM and terminate at 1 AM, family members can be plant fighting for either the switch box or aqueduct changer in a true decease struggle for video supremacy". While a slight exaggeration, at that place was indeed truth in how different habits influenced the old continent and its relationship with this new media.
This tin can exist also observed in the fashion Atari succeded in conquering one specific national market in Europe, that of Germany, remaining on height of the market place well until the late 80s. The company set upward ane of the first branches in Europe, in March 1980, Atari Elektronik Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH in Hamburg, even though the console was already being distributed in Frg (under the proper noun "Atari VCS 800") by a tertiary party. Considering of Atari investing in marketing in the state, with television advertizement and total color pages in magazines, the VCS concluded up doing pretty well in Germany. In 1980 alone, Atari apparently sold around 450k units by 1984, establishing itself every bit the manufacture leader ahead of competitors like Philips with the Videopac.
Since it might sound unfamiliar to several readers, a quick note on the Videopac. It was essentialy the name given in Europe to the panel known as the Magnavox Odyssey 2 in the United States. While that console never actually had much success in the American market place, particularly because going confronting strong well-known competitors like Atari and Mattel, the Videopac G7000 (and, to a lesser extent, its successor G7400) enjoyed quite more attention in the onetime continent especially because it generally came to the market quite early (around 1978-1979 before both Mattel and ColecoVision). Along with Scandinavia, the model was present on the market also in Italy, France and Deutschland where information technology also enjoyed adept sales on the strength of the Philips make.
Atari also opened a manufactory in Republic of ireland, but despite enjoying quite vantagious fiscal treatment, the American company never seemed to use it to manufacture VCS consoles in Europe (this is to exist 100% confirmed, though). The generous marketing upkeep which made Atari the leader of the market in Germany was non employed for other countries. In French republic, the Atari 2600 would come to market years later from its original debut in the US, in September 1981, really imported by another visitor, Wea-Records B.V., based in the Netherlands, which was too in charge of distributing the panel in that country.
In French republic, the VCS would go on to sell 600k over the course of viii years, which is quite a adept number merely, as a comparing, the Main System in a single year of release would sell around 105k units. Competitors for the VCS, like the Colecovision, would come to the French market place even subsequently, in 1983, apparently non doing very well. Mattel did try an interesting movement, by opening an office in the south of France in 1983 to try to develop games that could appeal to a more European sensibility. For all intents and purpose, it was too lilliputian and too late and the office did not really produce anything of notation, beingness sold off less than a year later. Similar experiments were besides beingness considered by Atari but with the big crash impacting their international plans likewise, that did non end up ever becoming a reality.
In Spain, the Atari 2600 was distributed by a small company called Audelec, located in Malàga. I was not able to observe much information about the Intellivision, but we can be sure it was non a great success. Overall, the kickoff moving ridge of consoles did not seem to make quite the big splash in the country. The Videopac was quite a big presence in Spain also, cheers to good support by Philips. Besides, co-ordinate to my research, one successul console among the first wave was the Colecovision because it had the strongest company advertizing it (CBS had a branch in Spain, plainly), just again this is mere speculation since I was non able to find much about the sales numbers.
In Scandinavia, Atari was distributed in Norway past Inter-Salg A/Due south (based in Nesbru), Sweden and Finland were instead handled past other companies like Cherry Hemelektronik AB, Algavision AB and Alga. In the Scandinavian market, thought, more than Atari and Mattel with Intellivision, at that place was another console with much more than success: the Philips Videopac. The early 80s console market in Sweden, for example, seemed to exist evenly distributed between the Videopac and the 2600, at to the lowest degree co-ordinate to newspaper articles from 1982.
Nintendo in Europe: not and then "Super"
In the United States, later on the outset wave of consoles and their subsequent crash, history goes that Nintendo stepped in and basically conquered the market by direct highly-seasoned to the consumers' tastes, with Sega being a very distant 2d, at to the lowest degree until the sixteen-flake era. Over again, this did not happen in Europe, where Japanese companies would appear on a country'south market place only if there was a specific agreement with a national distributor.
In Europe, one would demand a company that would import the console, adapt it to the national market and first doing its very own marketing to endeavour and sell the panel and games. Many times, this as well meant that the consoles were beingness distributed by little companies working in an unfamiliar market, with limited budgets. Similar in Italy, where the Master Arrangement in 1986, was being distributed by a niggling known company called NBC Italy, which very presently gave upwardly on it. Nintendo of Europe, would merely be created officially in 1990 , with the company – in the following years – going on to create specific state branches in the Netherlands, Espana, France and the United Kingdom.
There is a bit of confusion on the year the NES first appeared in Europe, with many articles placing it between 1985 and 1987. Apparently, Mattel divided mainland Europe in two regions, with region "A" (which was most of mainland Europe and Scandinavia) getting the panel first in 1986, while Region "B", namely Italy, Ireland and the United Kingdom the year later on. In Ireland, with the country going through a tough fourth dimension economically, the console would barely make a dent into the overall market, going to be become successful just much later.
While Mattel was a big company well versed in doing advertising for toys, they clearly did not have a lot of experience with video games and, at the time, there was no clear single style to market them. This could help explain some of their weird marketing choices. As for the UK gaming market place, we accept to consider that by 1987 young gamers were already beingness informed of new systems like the Amiga and Atari ST, so that the then recent NES 8-bit games would have definitely felt primitive by comparison. Too, the pricing of the first party Nintendo games did little to help the success of the panel, since they commanded prices effectually £40 [120 GBP of today]. Comparing that with basically half the price for Amiga or ST games, and a 4th of that for older Spectrum and Commodore 64 titles.
Simply by 1990 (when Nintendo of Europe was created), in the UK the NES managed to comeback strongly on the market place, mostly because the distribution of the panel was passed from Mattel, over to local lath game visitor San Serif which had definitely more interesting ideas. Their first marketing movement was, against Nintendo of America's original intentions, to bundle the Konami Teenage Mutant Hero Turtle game with the console: a vivid move to boost sales. NES games also began appearing more regularly on magazines, even though it was really as well late, considering how the Mega Bulldoze would come out that year as well. This belatedly comeback might actually explain why, looking at sales data from 1994, the Master System and NES seem to take sold basically the same number of units in the United Kingdom.
In Kingdom of spain, the NES found quickly its public, initially through a solid distribution via local company Spaco. In the late 80s, former Sega distributor Erbe, would too being distributing the NES. The company, which was the biggest national benefactor in Kingdom of spain, had changed the market for the better, coming to save an industry plagued by piracy. In 1993, apparently 750k NES units had been sold in the country, despite there being also several clones available.
Erbe would also distribute both the Game Boy and the Super Nintendo. In 1993, fate would pace in once more when a big fire concluded up destroying the warehouse of Erbe which, according to many of the people who first came on the scene, was non an accidental event. Shortly after the catastrophic event, the company roughshod into economic troubles, later on losing the distribution of Nintendo which basically disappeared from Spain, reappearing just afterward by establishing an role in Madrid.
In virtually other European countries, those in the so called "Region A" not handled past Mattel, the NES was distributed by smaller companies like Bienengräber in Germany (which had also distributed the Game & Watch) and ASD in France (pretty late, in Oct of 1987). Probably too considering these smaller companies could non afford huge upkeep for marketing, forth with other countries never having an official distribution of the NES at all (similar Portugal, which got the NES just in 1991 through Concentra), it is fair to say that in Europe the inflow of Nintendo's 8-bit console was affected by issues with pricing, marketing and also distribution.
Mostly, it would be fair to say that the NES did not revolutionize the marketplace, in that location was no "Nintendo generation" in Europe as in the United States. But naturally, in that location are exceptions. In Sweden (which apparently was the first country to receive and sell the NES in September of 1986, but this is to be confirmed), through the distribution and successful marketing by Bergsala (which likewise distributed the console in neighboring Northern countries), the NES enjoyed quite the success from 1987 onwards, especially attributable it to the release of Super Mario Brothers. Sega would get-go to go back some of the market share only by 1990 with the launch of Sonic, the Mega Bulldoze and an expensive marketing campaign. Overall, Sweden seems to count for around viii.vii% of total sales of the NES in what Nintendo defined as "the balance of the world", around 740k units were sold, quite an impressive number indeed, considering information technology's about twice the share of the residuum of the Nordic market place.
The System that was the Primary: Sega in Europe
The Master System in Europe was definitely a dissimilar story, since some of Sega's computers had already arrived in the continent so it was non an entirely unfamilar make overall, also because of their quite well known and loved games in the arcade. Overall, the Tokyo company had quite much of a stronger headstart compared to Nintendo. For case, Sega arrived in Italy quite early, by 1984, with their first home computers, which suffered an unlucky fate since the benefactor reported huge economic loss that year and decided to cut the marketing upkeep for the SC-3000 by one-half. In the end, the computers sold poorly and the relationship betwixt Sega and Melchioni was discontinued pretty soon.
In the UK, Sega made agreements with Mastertronic (subsequently Virgin Mastertronic) which had definitely a stronger grip on the gaming market compared to Mattel in the 80s. Non only there were would be several Sega defended magazines in the United Kingdom, but Primary System games would be reviewed quite often also on general magazines. The country made up quite a big chunk of the overall European sales for the Master Organization (ane.five million of units out of the 6.95 one thousand thousand sold by 1993). Also, I would similar to address those specific "edgy" Sega late 80s ads that pop up on the internet every one time and a while. These come from an agreement between Mastertronic and the adult magazine Viz, so Sega as a company had really null to exercise with them, they probably would not have greenlighted them.
Going back to Italy, after the failed launch of the SC-3000, Sega was distributed by toys company Giochi Preziosi which, right from the start, allocated a huge marketing budget for the consoles, along with sponsors like famous football game players (Walter Zenga, Roberto Mancini). The Master Organization managed to easily win over the NES, at least until – as with the Uk – Mattel lost the distribution of Nintendo and GiG took over, in 1992.
In Portugal, every bit mentioned, Nintendo and Sega would arrive officially quite late, even though it was available on the market a quite successful NES clone which would run official NES carts. In 1991, Sega started being officially distributed via local visitor Ecofilmes which would bring to the country the Sega Mega Drive, the Master Organization II and the Game Gear. Ecofilmes later changed the name of their company to Ecoplay and they however are the biggest gaming visitor in the country.
Every bit mentioned earlier, Kingdom of spain saw Erbe again taking over the distribution of the Chief Organization, after local company Proein did non actually make numbers and lost the license, behind information technology all in that location was the magic of local hero Paco Pastor, also a erstwhile singer. Despite little faith in the futurity of consoles, he was approached by the then president of Sega of Europe Nick Alexander, in 1987, to hash out the creation of a Virgin Mastertronic Sega partition at Erbe. Sega would then break away from Erbe after the company supported the launch of the Amstrad GX4000. Pastor would then create his very own subsidiary of Sega which would distribute, later, the Mega Drive.
In French republic the Master System had an interesting history, arriving quite early in 1986 being distributed by the company Master Games. But, patently, the company had never actually licensed the panel from Sega and did not actually know what to do with it, so – in the end – merely sold nothing more than a couple of hundred systems. On the other hand, the PC Engine sold via the company Sodipeng had quite the success, just this was still subsequently 1990 then it is not part of our discussion.
In Germany, the Master System was being distributed by Bertelsmann which, subsequently Atari started losing their grasp of the market, would speedily make up for some important sales. It was only after 1990, with the inflow of Nintendo with their European headquarters based in the country, that the Master System would start serious losing market share in favor of the NES.
My hope with this small "word" on the European gaming market was to, finally, try and put together some of the information spread out there, along with providing a sort of alternate narrative to the prevalent "Nintendo" and United states-centric ane, so common online. With how unfamiliar consoles and computers felt to the audience, the full general population of Europe definitely took more fourth dimension to get to know what will presently become part of their lives. Consequentely, the fledgling gaming industry ended upwards taking quite a different direction from that of the United states of america. Conspicuously this different land of things also ended up influencing the developers that were working in those decades, which is how Europe was home to such interesting studios such as Delphine Software, DMA Design, Radarsoft and Rainbow Arts.
Even all these years after, the way history has influenced the gaming tastes of the population tin can nonetheless be felt, with inspirations that are quite different from country to country. What is of utmost importance is to effort and preserve this rich gaming cultural heritage, since it is very much at risk of existence lost forever. In an era where every game can be sold everywhere in the earth, it might seem strange to go back to a time where consoles needed to be "imported" and marketed to have a chance of success. Only this is where we come from, where the industry with all of its faults and issues was born and thrived. If we are to sympathise and figure out the identity and presence of this "new" medium, history is our necessary introduction.
Thank you for reading.
If y'all would similar to help me to keep the projection running, exist certain to cheque out my patreon or alternatively, offering me a coffee.
Sources & References
For more than information on the VideoPac and Intron, bank check out this detailed article [in Swedish but information technology is easily translatable] by Martin Lindell whom I as well thank for the info provided.
Information on Nintendo in Kingdom of spain from Hobby Consolas. Thanks as well to Marçal Mora for the kind assistance.
Data on Portugal thank you to J.B. Martins, cheque out his Youtube channel.
Study on the Austrian gaming industry in the 90s by Eugen Pfister.
For Slovakia, information technology is interesting to take a wait at several contempo translations of games adult in the late 80s. Also recommended reading, Gaming the Iron Drapery by Jaroslav Švelch.
On Abandonware French republic, quite interesting article (in English language) on the state of things in France and the "French touch on".
Source: https://genesistemple.com/playing-it-the-european-way-a-discussion-on-the-european-gaming-market-in-the-80s
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